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Muri make Amateka n'Inganda Ibitekerezo by'ibikoresho byo gukiniraho mu Bushinwa
2021-09-07 00:00:00
Iterambere rirambye kandi ryiza ry’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa no gukomeza kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage, Ubushinwa bukenera parike y’imikino y’abana nabwo buriyongera. Parike zo gukiniraho zigenda zihinduka ubwoko bushya bwibicuruzwa byimyidagaduro, kandi buhoro buhoro bigira uruhare runini hamwe niterambere ryiterambere nkuburezi, icyaro, ibiruhuko na IP.
Igitekerezo cyibikoresho byo gukiniraho
Ku ya 30 Ukuboza 2011, Ubuyobozi Bukuru bw’ubugenzuzi bw’ubuziranenge, ubugenzuzi na karantine ya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa n’Ubuyobozi bw’igihugu gishinzwe ubuziranenge bw’Ubushinwa bwatanze ku rwego rw’igihugu ibikoresho by’imikino ngororamubiri by’abana GB / t27689 2011, byashyizwe mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro kuva ku ya 1 Kamena 2012 .
Kuva icyo gihe, Ubushinwa bwarangije amateka y’ubuziranenge bw’ibikoresho by’imikino, kandi bugena ku mugaragaro izina n’ibisobanuro by’ibikoresho byo gukiniraho ku rwego rw’igihugu ku nshuro ya mbere.
Ibikoresho byo gukiniraho bisobanura ibikoresho byabana bafite hagati yimyaka 3-14 yo gukina badafite amashanyarazi kubikoresho byamashanyarazi, hydraulic cyangwa pneumatike, bigizwe nibice bikora nkizamuka, kunyerera, umuyoboro wikurikiranya, ingazi na swing hamwe na feri.
Iterambere nihindagurika ryibikoresho byo gukiniraho
Kuva Ubushinwa bwavugurura kandi bugafungura mu 1978, ubukungu bwateye imbere byihuse mu myaka 40 ishize, kandi inganda zikoreshwa mu bibuga by’imikino mu Bushinwa zateye imbere guhera. Kugeza ubu, yateye imbere mu nganda zifite umusaruro wa buri mwaka zingana na miliyari icumi.
Ibyiciro 3 byiterambere ryibikoresho byimikino yabashinwa
Intangiriro yo gutangira —— 1980-1990 Umwaka
Mu myaka ya za 1980, ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi byaranze itangira ry'imikino y'abana ni ugushinga amashyirahamwe yinganda.
Mu 1986, Ishyirahamwe ry’ibikinisho n’abana bato mu Bushinwa (ryahoze ryitwa "Ishyirahamwe ry’ibikinisho mu Bushinwa"). Byemejwe na komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura umutungo wa Leta na komisiyo ishinzwe imiyoborere y’inama y’igihugu na Minisiteri y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu, yiswe Ishyirahamwe ry’ibikinisho n’abana bato mu Bushinwa kuva ku ya 24 Kamena 2011. Ku ya 1 Kanama 1987, Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubushinwa rishinzwe gukurura parike. yashinzwe.
Nka shingiro rinini kandi ryambere ryibikoresho byo gukiniraho mubushinwa, inganda nyinshi mumujyi wa Qiaoxia, mu ntara ya Yongjia, Wenzhou zatangiye gukora no kugurisha ibikoresho byimikino mu myaka ya za 1980 na 1990.
Muri Nyakanga 2006, Umujyi wa Qiaoxia, Intara ya Yongjia, Wenzhou yahawe igihembo cy’Umujyi w’ibikinisho by’Uburezi mu Bushinwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’ibikinisho by’Ubushinwa (yatsinze neza isuzuma ryakozwe muri Kamena 2009).
Ibirango byatangiye muri iyo myaka ubu byose byateye imbere kugeza kumurongo uzwi wibikoresho byo gukiniraho byakorewe mubushinwa. Nka societe yumurongo wose mubikoresho byo gukiniraho Inganda kuva muminsi yambere, Kaiqi yabaye ikigo cyambere cyibikoresho byo gukiniraho mubushinwa kandi ni ikirango cyibikoresho byo murwego rwo hejuru
Ibirango byo kwihangira imirimo muri iyo myaka byateye imbere mubirango bizwi cyane byimyidagaduro yo mu gihugu idafite ingufu mu Bushinwa. Nka sosiyete yose yinganda zikora inganda zikora ibikoresho bidafite imbaraga zo kwinezeza byababyeyi n’abana mu ntangiriro z’Ubushinwa, akazu kabaye ikigo cyambere cy’ibikoresho byo kwidagadura bidafite ingufu mu Bushinwa ndetse n’ikirango kizwi cyane cyo kwidagadura cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru gifite agaciro k’umuco n’uburezi.
Urubanza rwatsinzwe
2 Iterambere no kumenyekanisha icyiciro - 2000
Mu kinyejana cya 21, inganda zikoreshwa mu bibuga by’Ubushinwa zinjiye mu gihe cy’iterambere ryihuse, kandi n’inganda zikora inganda zagiye zimenya buhoro buhoro umusaruro munini. Umurongo wibicuruzwa wakuze kuva kera, kandi isoko ryagutse kuva mubukungu bwa Pearl River Delta bwateye imbere cyane mubukungu, umugezi wa Delta wa Yangtze na Bohai rim kuzamuka mubutaka bwubushinwa, ndetse no mumidugudu numujyi.
Muri icyo gihe, ibikoresho byo gukiniraho byakorewe mu Bushinwa byatangiye kwinjira ku isoko ryo hanze. Ubu, bikozwe mubushinwa biri hose kumugabane wisi.
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda, amahame yigihugu hamwe ninganda zinganda zijyanye no gukinisha ibibuga byimikino byatangijwe buhoro buhoro, ibyo bikaba byateje imbere cyane ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa n’urwego rw’iterambere ry’inganda.
3 Icyiciro cyo kuvugurura no guhanga udushya - 2010
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse rya interineti no kuza kwamakuru yamakuru, abakora inganda nabashoramari, abashushanya nibigo byubushakashatsi byihutishije cyane kubona amakuru. Abashushanya ikibuga nabo batangiye kwita kumyitwarire y'abana na psychologiya.
Ukurikije ibyifuzo bitandukanye byabana, ubwoko butandukanye nibikorwa byikibuga cyabana bigenda birushaho kuba umukire. Hashingiwe ku bana, ikibuga cyakinirwamo cyateguwe kugira umutekano, kugorana no gushimisha, kandi bikwiranye n’iterambere ry’umubiri n’ubwenge by’abana, kugirango habeho umwanya wo kwidagadura ubereye rwose gukura kwabo.
Urubanza rwa Kaiqi
Ubwoko bwose bwimyidagaduro yimyidagaduro yimyidagaduro nka parike yimyidagaduro ikubiyemo, umujyi utuje wabana (umuganda), guhuza uturere twumutse kandi twinshi, kuzigama kubura ibidukikije, Parike ya Adventure hamwe na parike yimyidagaduro yimyaka yose byakoreshejwe mugushushanya no gushyira mubikorwa ingufu zidafite ingufu parike y'imyidagaduro y'abana.
Amahirwe yinganda zikoreshwa mukibuga
1 Ibikoresho byo gukiniraho bifite amahirwe menshi kumasoko yubukerarugendo bwumuco mugihe kizaza
Iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa no kwiyongera kwinjiza igihugu, imyitwarire y’ubukerarugendo imaze kumenyekana. Vuba aha, Minisiteri y’umuco n’ubukerarugendo yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko umubare w’abakerarugendo bo mu gihugu muri 2019 ari miliyari 6.006, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 8.4%, naho ubukerarugendo bwinjiza buri mwaka bukaba miliyoni 6.63, umwaka ushize. kwiyongera kwa 11.1%.
Urebye uko inganda zigenda, isoko ry’ubukerarugendo mu Bushinwa rifite umwanya munini, icyifuzo cy’ubukerarugendo bw’igihugu gikomeje gukomera, kandi hasabwa ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa na serivisi.
2 Parike idafite ingufu izahinduka imbaraga nyamukuru kumasoko yimikino yababyeyi-umwana
Ingaruka zidasanzwe zo kuzamuka kwicyiciro cyo hagati, kuzamura imikoreshereze yubukerarugendo no gufungura politiki y’abana babiri byabyaye isoko rinini ry’ubukerarugendo bw’ababyeyi n’abana. "Gutembera hamwe nabana" byahindutse inzira nyamukuru yo gukoresha isoko ryubukerarugendo.
Urubanza rwa Kaiqi
Mubisabwa nkibi byamasoko nibiranga imyitwarire, parike-yababyeyi-umwana ikibuga gishobora gukenerwa byose murwego runini:
Ubwa mbere, parike mu bidukikije byiza cyane by’ibidukikije mu nkengero z’umujyi, ikemura ibibazo by’ibikorwa bigufi byo hanze no kutumva no guhura n’ibidukikije ku miryango y’ababyeyi n’abana bo mu mijyi ifite igihe gito;
Icya kabiri, ibikoresho byo gukiniraho byumwuga ntabwo bihura gusa nuburyo bwo gukinisha abana, ariko kandi byujuje ibyifuzo byo kwiga byo kwishimisha binyuze mugushiraho amasomo yihariye. Mugihe cyemeza ko abana bakina, ababyeyi nabo barashobora kwidagadura, kuruhuka no kwinezeza.
3 Parike yababyeyi-abana ihuza iterambere ryimijyi nicyaro
Dukurikije imibare y’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare, mu 2018, urwego rw’imijyi y’Ubushinwa (igipimo cy’imijyi) cyageze kuri 59.58%, hafi 60%. Ugereranije na 17.9% mu ntangiriro y’ibikorwa by’imijyi y’Ubushinwa mu 1978, byiyongereyeho amanota 42 ku ijana.
Mu gihe Ubushinwa bugenda bwiyongera mu mijyi, bugaragaza kandi ingaruka zimwe z’iterambere zatewe no gushaka uruhande rumwe rwo kwagura imijyi no kwiyongera kwabaturage mu mijyi, bigatuma habaho umwanya muto wo hanze ukwiranye n’ibikorwa by’ababyeyi n’abana mu mijyi.
Kubwibyo, abantu batangiye gutembera mubidukikije nko mumidugudu, imirima, parike zo mugihugu na parike zishyamba zikikije umujyi. Nyamara, umuvuduko witerambere ryibisabwa ku isoko warenze cyane umuvuduko wo kuvugurura ibicuruzwa byo hanze bikikije umujyi.
Urubanza rwa Kaiqi
Mugihe cyiterambere ryiterambere ryimikoranire yimijyi no kurwanya imijyi, parike yimikino yababyeyi-abana igira uruhare mukuzuza ibikenewe ku isoko kandi igaha abakiriya bo mumijyi agaciro gakomeye, igishushanyo mbonera cya kijyambere hamwe n'imyidagaduro yitabirwa cyane.
4 Ibikoresho byo gukiniraho biva mumikorere bijya kuri IP
Inganda z’ubukerarugendo bushingiye ku muco z’Ubushinwa zabayeho kuva mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize kugeza ku isoko iyobowe n’imyaka icumi ishize, hanyuma kugeza kuri IP iyobowe na none.
Nkumutwara ufite agaciro gakusanyirijwe hamwe, IP ihuza kumurongo no kumurongo binyuze muburyo bwo guhinga no gukwirakwiza ubudahwema, ihuza agaciro k'ibicuruzwa nibisabwa n'abaguzi, kandi ihuza ibicuruzwa na serivisi byumushinga mumurongo wagaciro binyuze mumashusho n'imyitwarire itandukanye kandi itunganijwe, kugirango bikusanyirize hamwe kandi binini. .
Nkibicuruzwa bishya byumuco nubukerarugendo, ibikorwa bine byingenzi byibanze by "gukurura, kuzunguruka, kuzamuka no kunyerera" byagezweho no kwishingikiriza ku bikoresho bisanzwe ntibiri kure kubyo abakiriya bakeneye.
Kaiqi Intsinzi yimikino-ikibuga
Inganda zikinirwa za kibyeyi-umwana zirimo gutezimbere ubunararibonye butandukanye bwo kwidagadura bwababyeyi-bana bafite imiterere yihariye ya IP binyuze mugutegura insanganyamatsiko zitandukanye, gushushanya imiterere, kwagura ibitekerezo, guhuza imikorere, guhuza umwanya hamwe nubundi buryo.
Iterambere ry’inganda zikoreshwa mu bibuga ntirishobora guterwa inkunga no guteza imbere amashyirahamwe ya guverinoma n’inganda, ndetse no gushyiraho, kugenzura no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame y’inganda. Muri icyo gihe, ikeneye kandi gutsimbarara no guharanira imishinga.
Kugirango abana bagire ubuzima bwiza kandi bwiza, Kaiqi ntazibagirwa umugambi wambere, gukurikiza udushya, guhora akora ubushakashatsi, no kuyobora iterambere ryihuse kandi ryiza ryinganda ukurikije ibisabwa ninganda.
