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ʻO ka mōʻaukala pōkole a me ka manaʻo ʻoihana o nā lako kahua pāʻani ma Kina
2021-09-07 00:00:00
Me ka hoʻomau a me ka hoʻomohala olakino o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o nā kūlana ola waiwai o nā kānaka, ke piʻi nei ka makemake o Kina no nā pā pāʻani keiki. Ke lilo mālie nei nā pā pāʻani i ʻano huahana leʻaleʻa hou, a hana mālie i kahi hui like ʻole me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e like me ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka ʻāina, ka hoʻomaha a me ka IP.
Manao o na lako kahua paani
Ma Kekemapa 30, 2011, ka General Administration of quality supervision, inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and China National Standardization Administration i hoʻopuka pū i ka National Standard GB / t27689 2011 keiki o Playground lako, i ua hoʻokō 'ia mai Iune 1, 2012. .
Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻopau ʻo Kina i ka mōʻaukala ʻaʻohe kūlana aupuni no nā lako kahua pāʻani, a ua hoʻoholo kūhelu i ka inoa a me ka wehewehe ʻana o nā lako kahua pāʻani ma ka pae aupuni no ka manawa mua.
'O ka lako kahua pā'ani 'o ia ho'i nā lako no nā keiki 3-14 makahiki e pā'ani me ka mana 'ole e ka uila, hydraulic a pneumatic paha, ua haku 'ia i nā 'āpana hana e like me ka pi'i, pahe'e, ke kolo kolo, nā alapi'i a me ke kowali a me nā mea ho'opa'a.
Ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lako kahua pāʻani
Mai ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana o Kina i ka makahiki 1978, ua ulu wikiwiki ka hoʻokele waiwai i nā makahiki he 40 i hala iho nei, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻoihana pāʻani pāʻani o Kina mai ka wā kahiko. I kēia manawa, ua ulu ʻo ia i ʻoihana me ka waiwai hoʻopuka makahiki he ʻumi piliona.
3 mau ʻanuʻu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lako pā pāʻani Kina
Ke kahua hoʻomaka——1980-1990 Makahiki
I nā makahiki 1980, ʻelua mau hanana koʻikoʻi i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kahua pāʻani o nā keiki, ʻo ia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hui ʻoihana kūpono.
I ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo China Toy and Juvenile Association (i kapa ʻia ma mua ʻo "China Toy Association"). Me ka ʻae ʻia e ka mokuʻāina ka nānā ʻana i nā waiwai a me ke Komisina Hoʻokele o ka ʻAha Mokuʻāina a me ke Kuhina o nā ʻoihana kīwila, ua kapa inoa ʻia ʻo China Toy and Juvenile Association mai Iune 24, 2011. Ma ʻAukake 1, 1987, China Association of Amusement Park Attractions ua hookumuia.
Ma ke ʻano he kumu hana nui a mua loa o nā lako pā pāʻani ma Kina, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o nā ʻoihana ma Qiaoxia Town, Yongjia County, Wenzhou e hana a kūʻai aku i nā lako pā pāʻani i nā makahiki 1980 a me 1990.
I Iulai 2006, ua lanakila ʻo Qiaoxia Town, Yongjia County, Wenzhou ma ke ʻano he Town of Educational Toy ma Kina e China Toy Association (ua holo maikaʻi ʻia ka loiloi hou ma Iune 2009).
Ua hoʻomaka nā hōʻailona i kēlā mau makahiki i kēia manawa i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka brand kaulana o nā lako kahua pāʻani i hana ʻia ma Kina. Ma ke ʻano he hui pūʻulu holoʻokoʻa i nā ʻoihana pāʻani pāʻani mai ka wā kahiko, ua lilo ʻo Kaiqi i alakaʻi alakaʻi o nā lako pā pāʻani ma Kina a ʻo ia ka inoa o nā lako pāʻani kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā ʻoihana ʻoihana i kēlā mau makahiki ua ulu aʻe i mau inoa kaulana o nā hale leʻaleʻa ʻole i mana ʻole ʻia ma Kina. Ma ke ʻano he hui hui pūʻulu ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa e hana ana i nā lako hana leʻaleʻa makua-keiki i ka wā mua ma Kina, ua lilo ʻo cage i ʻoihana alakaʻi o nā mea leʻaleʻa ikaika ʻole ma Kina a me kahi hōʻailona leʻaleʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me ka waiwai moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻonaʻauao.
Ka hihia lanakila
2 Ke kahua hoʻomohala a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana -- 2000s
I ke kenekulia 21, ua komo ka ʻoihana pāʻani pāʻani o Kina i kahi manawa o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana, a ua ʻike mālie nā mea hana ʻoihana i ka hana nui. Ua ulu ka laina huahana mai ka ʻohi ʻana, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mākeke mai ke kahawai ʻo Pearl River Delta, ʻo Yangtze River Delta a me Bohai rim pōʻai waiwai i ka ʻāina ma Kina, a hiki i nā kauhale a me nā kūlanakauhale.
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka nā lako pāʻani i hana ʻia ma Kina e komo i ka mākeke o waho. I kēia manawa, hana ʻia ma Kina ma nā wahi āpau ma nā ʻāina āpau o ka honua.
Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana, ua hoʻokomo lohi ʻia nā kūlana ʻāina a me nā kūlana ʻoihana e pili ana i ka pā pāʻani euqipment, kahi i hoʻolaha nui i nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ka pae hoʻomohala ʻoihana.
3 ʻO ka pae o ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hana hou - 2010s
Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka Pūnaewele a me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka makahiki ʻike, ua hoʻolalelale nui nā poʻe loea a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā, nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā ʻoihana noiʻi i ko lākou loaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike. Ua hoʻomaka pū nā mea hoʻolālā pāʻani e hoʻolohe i ke ʻano o nā keiki a me ka noʻonoʻo.
Ma muli o nā pono like ʻole o nā keiki, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o nā ʻano a me nā hana like ʻole o ke kahua pāʻani o nā keiki. Ma muli o nā keiki, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ke kahua pāʻani i mea palekana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka hoihoi, a ʻoi aku ka kūpono no ka hoʻomohala kino a me ka noʻonoʻo o nā keiki, i mea e hana ai i wahi leʻaleʻa kūpono maoli no ko lākou ulu olakino.
Ka hihia lanakila o Kaiqi
ʻO nā ʻano o nā manaʻo hoʻolālā papa leʻaleʻa kiʻekiʻe e like me ka inclusive amusement park, keiki aloha kūlanakauhale (kaiāulu), hui pū ʻana o ka maloʻo a me ka pulu zoning, mālama i ka hemahema kūlohelohe, Adventure Park a me nā makahiki āpau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mana ʻole. paka lealea keiki.
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka ʻoihana lako kahua pāʻani
1 Loaʻa i nā lako kahua pāʻani ka mana nui i ka mākeke huakaʻi moʻomeheu i ka wā e hiki mai ana
Me ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā o ka ʻāina, ua kaulana ka ʻano mākaʻikaʻi. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻolaha kūkala ke Kuhina o ka moʻomeheu a me ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻo ka nui o nā mākaʻikaʻi kūloko i ka makahiki 2019 he 6.006 biliona, he piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki ma ka makahiki he 8.4%, a ʻo ka huina o ka loaʻa kālā mākaʻikaʻi makahiki he 6.63 trillion yuan, hoʻokahi makahiki-ma-makahiki. piʻi o 11.1%.
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano ʻoihana, he wahi nui ka mākeke mākaʻikaʻi o Kina, ke hoʻomau nei ka ikaika o ka noi no ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻāina, a ua kau ʻia nā koi kiʻekiʻe no nā huahana a me nā lawelawe.
2 E lilo ka paka unpowered i mea ikaika ma ka mākeke pāʻani makua-keiki
ʻO ka hopena superposition o ka piʻi ʻana o ka papa waena, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mākaʻikaʻi a me ka wehe ʻana o ke kulekele ʻelua keiki i hānau i kahi mākeke mākaʻikaʻi makua-keiki. Ua lilo ka "hele me nā keiki" i ke ʻano hoʻohana nui o ka mākeke mākaʻikaʻi.
Kaiqi Poepoe Case
Ma lalo o kēlā mau koi mākeke a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻai ʻana, hiki i ka pā pāʻani makua-keiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono āpau i ka nui loa:
ʻO ka mea mua, he paka i loko o ke kaiaola maikaʻi loa i nā wahi e pili ana i ke kūlanakauhale, kahi e hoʻonā ai i nā pilikia o nā hana waho pōkole a me ka ʻike ʻole a me ka launa pū ʻana me ke ʻano no nā ʻohana makua-keiki kūlanakauhale me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka manawa;
ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole kū wale nā lako pāʻani ʻoihana i ke ʻano pāʻani o nā keiki, akā hoʻokō pū i nā pono aʻo o ke aʻo ʻana i ka leʻaleʻa ma o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā papa kūikawā. ʻOiai e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka pāʻani o nā keiki, hiki i nā mākua ke loaʻa ka leʻaleʻa, hoʻomaha a me ka ʻoluʻolu.
3 Hoʻohui ka pā pāʻani makua-keiki i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a me ke kuaʻāina
Wahi a ka ʻikepili o ka National Bureau of statistics, ma ka makahiki 2018, hiki i ka pae urbanization o Kina (urbanization rate) i 59.58%, kokoke i 60%. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 17.9% i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana urbanization o Kina i ka makahiki 1978, ua hoʻonui ʻia e 42 pakeneka.
ʻOiai ke piʻi aʻe nei ka nui o ka noho kūlanakauhale ʻana o Kina, e hōʻike pū ana ia i kekahi mau hemahema o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻimi hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a me ka ulu ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, e hopena i ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahi waho kūpono no nā hana makua-keiki ma nā kūlanakauhale.
No laila, hoʻomaka ka poʻe e kahe i loko o nā wahi kaiaola e like me nā kauhale, nā mahiʻai, nā paka ʻāina a me nā paka nahele a puni ke kūlanakauhale. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka noi mākeke ma mua o ka wikiwiki hou o nā huahana waho a puni ke kūlanakauhale.
Kaiqi Poepoe Case
Ma lalo o ke kaiapuni hoʻomohala o ka launa pū ʻana o ka urbanization a me ka anti urbanization, hoʻokani ka pā pāʻani makua-keiki i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono o ka mākeke a hāʻawi i nā mea kūʻai aku o ke kūlanakauhale me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻolālā kumuhana hou a me ka hoʻokipa kiʻekiʻe.
4 Neʻe nā lako kahua pāʻani mai ka hana a i IP
Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻoihana huakaʻi moʻomeheu Kina mai ka manawa i alakaʻi ʻia i nā makahiki he kanakolu i hala aku nei i ka mākeke alakaʻi ʻia he ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, a laila i kēia manawa IP alakaʻi ʻia.
Ma ke ʻano he mea lawe waiwai nui, hoʻopili ʻo IP ma ka pūnaewele a me ka offline ma o ka hoʻomau ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, hoʻopili i ka waiwai o ka huahana a me ka makemake o ka mea kūʻai aku, a hoʻohui i nā huahana a me nā lawelawe ʻoihana i loko o kahi pūnaewele waiwai ma o ke kiʻi kūʻokoʻa a me ka ʻōnaehana, i mea e hōʻiliʻili a hoʻonui. .
Ma ke ʻano he huahana moʻomeheu a me ka mākaʻikaʻi hou, ʻo nā hana maʻamau ʻehā o ka "kolo, koli, piʻi a me ka paheʻe" i hoʻokō ʻia ma ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea hana maʻamau i mamao loa mai ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono o nā mea kūʻai.
Kaiqi Ke kahua pāʻani i loko o ka hihia
Ke hoʻonui nei ka ʻoihana pāʻani makua-keiki i nā ʻike leʻaleʻa makua-keiki me nā hiʻohiʻona IP kūʻokoʻa ma o ka hoʻolālā kumuhana like ʻole, ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke ʻano, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hana, ka uhi ākea a me nā ala ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana lako pā pāʻani mai ke kākoʻo a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke aupuni a me nā hui ʻoihana, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana ʻoihana. I ka manawa like, pono ia i ka hoʻomau a me ka hakakā ʻana o nā ʻoihana.
I mea e loaʻa ai i nā keiki ka hauʻoli a me ka maikaʻi o ka wā kamaliʻi, ʻaʻole e poina ʻo Kaiqi i kona manaʻo mua, e pili ana i ka hana hou, e ʻimi mau, a alakaʻi i ka ulu wikiwiki a olakino o ka ʻoihana e like me nā koi o ka pae ʻoihana.
